The Health and Safety Executive confirms that under CDM 2015, a domestic client’s duties normally pass to the contractor on a single-contractor project, or to the principal contractor, or the contractor in control of the construction work, on a project involving more than one contractor.

What counts as a domestic client

HSE defines a domestic client as any individual who has construction work carried out on their home, or the home of a family member, that is not done as part of any business. A homeowner commissioning a larger renovation, an extension, a loft conversion, or similar work involving several trades, falls within this definition in the same way as someone booking a single, smaller job, provided the work is not connected to a business the homeowner runs.

Where the duties actually go

CDM 2015 imposes a set of legal duties on clients generally, covering matters such as managing health and safety risk on a project. For a domestic client specifically, HSE confirms these duties do not stay with the homeowner by default; instead, they normally pass to whoever is actually running the work. On a project with a single contractor, that contractor takes on the client’s legal duties in addition to their own as contractor. On a project involving more than one contractor, the principal contractor takes on these duties, or, where no principal contractor has been formally appointed, the contractor in control of the construction work at the time does instead.

The designer alternative

HSE also describes an alternative route on a multi-contractor project: where a domestic client has appointed a designer, such as an architect, that designer can instead take on the role of principal designer and accept the client duties, but only through a written agreement specifically confirming this arrangement. Without that written agreement, the default position, duties passing to the principal contractor or the contractor in control of the work, applies instead.

Why this matters with more than one trade on site

A renovation involving several separate trades, for example a structural contractor, an electrician and a plumber working at different stages, is exactly the kind of multi-contractor project where identifying who holds the principal contractor role matters, because that is the party CDM 2015 makes responsible for coordinating health and safety, and by extension the client’s wider duties, across the whole project rather than each trade managing its own patch in isolation. A homeowner who has not clearly agreed who is acting as principal contractor risks a gap where no one has formally taken on this coordinating role, even though the regulations intend for someone to hold it.

What this means in practice

Because the domestic client’s duties are designed to sit with the contractor or principal contractor rather than the homeowner, a homeowner does not need to personally manage the regulatory side of running a construction site, including the broader health and safety coordination CDM 2015 requires, provided the project is properly set up with someone clearly holding the principal contractor role. This is different from a commercial client, who keeps the full set of client duties directly rather than having them pass on by default.

Checking who is holding the duties

Before work starts on a renovation involving more than one contractor, confirming in writing who is acting as principal contractor, or whether a designer has agreed in writing to take on the principal designer role instead, avoids ambiguity about who is actually responsible for coordinating the project once several trades are involved. This is worth establishing alongside the practical planning covered elsewhere on this site for organising a larger renovation, such as booking skips and waste collection around the different stages of work.

FAQs

Does a homeowner personally hold CDM 2015’s client duties?

Not by default. HSE confirms a domestic client’s duties normally pass to the contractor, or to the principal contractor on a multi-contractor project.

What happens if no principal contractor has been appointed?

HSE says the duties pass instead to the contractor in control of the construction work at the time.

Can a designer take on these duties instead?

Yes, where the domestic client has appointed a designer who agrees in writing to act as principal designer and accept the client duties.

Is a domestic client treated the same as a business commissioning work?

No. A commercial client keeps the full client duties directly, while a domestic client’s duties pass on to the contractor or principal contractor by default.

Bottom line

Under CDM 2015, a homeowner having renovation work done as a domestic client does not usually hold the regulations’ client duties directly; they pass by default to the contractor on a single-contractor job, or to the principal contractor, or the contractor in control of the work, once more than one contractor is involved, unless a designer has agreed in writing to take on the principal designer role instead. Confirming who holds this role in writing before work starts avoids ambiguity on a larger, multi-trade renovation. This is general information, not legal advice on a specific project; HSE’s published guidance sets out the full detail of each role’s duties.

Sources

This guide draws on the following primary sources, current as of 22 September 2026:

• Health and Safety Executive, “CDM 2015: Domestic clients”

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Section 52 of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 provides that where someone other than a waste collection authority collects waste for recycling, both the waste disposal authority and the waste collection authority may make payments to that person, reflecting the net saving in disposal expenditure the arrangement produces.

The basic mechanism

Section 52 addresses a specific situation: waste that would otherwise have gone through council collection and disposal is instead collected for recycling by someone else, such as a charity running a collection scheme or a community group. Because the council no longer has to collect or dispose of that waste itself, it makes a saving, and section 52 allows some of that saving to be passed on to the organisation that actually did the collecting, as an incentive and a form of recognition for the recycling that has taken place instead of ordinary disposal.

Two separate payments

The section separates the waste disposal function from the waste collection function, reflecting how local government waste responsibilities are often split between different authorities. Subsection (3) allows a waste disposal authority to make payments, in respect of waste collected for recycling by someone else, to that person. Subsection (4) gives waste collection authorities a similar power to pay a third party that collects recyclable waste. In an area where collection and disposal are handled by different councils, a charity or group could in principle receive a payment connected to each function, reflecting the saving made at each level.

How the amount is worked out

The payments are tied to the net saving of expenditure on disposal of the waste that the authority would otherwise have incurred. This means the credit is not an arbitrary sum decided case by case without reference to actual costs; it is meant to reflect what the council itself avoided spending because the waste was recycled by someone else instead of being collected and disposed of through the ordinary route.

Discretionary in most cases

As drafted, section 52 generally gives authorities a power to make these payments rather than an absolute duty to do so in every case; a council may make a payment, reflecting some discretion in how and whether individual arrangements are set up and funded, rather than every recycling collection by a third party automatically generating a fixed, guaranteed credit regardless of the authority’s own position.

Where mandatory duties can apply

The section also allows for this discretion to be overridden in defined circumstances. For England, the Secretary of State has power to impose a duty on waste disposal authorities to make these payments in specified circumstances, rather than leaving it entirely discretionary; a separate provision allows the equivalent to be done by regulations in Wales. Where such a duty has been imposed for a particular type of arrangement, payment stops being simply a matter of the authority’s discretion and becomes a legal requirement instead.

Why this matters for community and charity collections

For a charity, school, or community group running a collection scheme for items such as textiles, books or scrap metal, understanding that this mechanism exists is a starting point for asking the relevant council whether a recycling credit arrangement applies to their collection, rather than assuming that collecting recyclable waste on the council’s behalf, in effect, is necessarily unpaid. Because the specific arrangements and amounts vary by authority and are not standardised nationally, checking directly with the relevant waste disposal and waste collection authorities is the practical next step for an organisation considering or already running this kind of scheme.

FAQs

Can a charity get paid for collecting recyclable waste instead of the council?

Potentially, yes. Section 52 lets a waste disposal authority and a waste collection authority each pay a third party who collects waste for recycling instead of the council.

How is the payment amount decided?

It reflects the net saving in disposal expenditure the authority makes because the waste was recycled by someone else instead of being collected and disposed of by the council.

Is a council required to make these payments?

Generally it is a discretionary power, though the Secretary of State in England, or regulations in Wales, can turn this into a mandatory duty in specified circumstances.

Could a group receive a payment from both the waste disposal and waste collection authority?

In principle, yes, where the two functions are held by different authorities in the relevant area, since section 52 gives each authority its own separate power to pay.

Bottom line

Section 52 of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 lets waste disposal and waste collection authorities pay recycling credits to charities and community groups that collect waste for recycling instead of the council, based on the disposal costs the authority saves as a result. Payment is generally discretionary, though it can be made a legal duty in specified circumstances. This is general information, not legal advice; a charity or community group can raise the possibility of a recycling credit arrangement directly with the relevant council.

Sources

This guide draws on the following primary sources, current as of 22 September 2026:

• legislation.gov.uk, “Environmental Protection Act 1990, section 52: Payments in respect of recycling etc.”

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The Scottish Environment Protection Agency confirms a ban on landfilling biodegradable municipal waste, with a legal start date of 31 December 2025 but a temporary regulatory position delaying enforcement to 1 January 2028, while the Welsh Government confirms that, from 6 April 2024, separately collected recyclable waste and all wood waste are banned from landfill and incineration in Wales.

Scotland: the biodegradable waste ban

SEPA confirms that a ban on sending biodegradable municipal waste to landfill was set to take legal effect from 31 December 2025, introduced through amendments to the Landfill (Scotland) Regulations 2003. Biodegradable municipal waste covers materials such as food and garden waste and paper, the kind of household and municipal waste that breaks down and releases greenhouse gases when landfilled, which is the underlying reason for targeting it specifically.

Why Scotland delayed enforcement

Although the ban’s legal start date has passed, SEPA has published a temporary regulatory position statement confirming that it will not enforce the ban for up to two years where its conditions are met, pushing practical enforcement to 1 January 2028. SEPA’s stated reason is that the treatment capacity and logistics needed to handle this waste without landfilling it were not going to be ready everywhere by the original date, with additional energy-from-waste facilities under construction and expected to begin operating between 2026 and 2027.

What qualifies for the delay

The temporary position is not an unconditional free pass. Waste producers relying on it still need to submit notification forms to SEPA, and need to be able to show they are prioritising waste prevention, reuse, recycling and any available non-landfill treatment options ahead of landfill, rather than simply continuing to landfill biodegradable municipal waste as before while waiting for the 2028 date.

Wales: the workplace recycling bans

Wales has taken a different route, tied to its Workplace Recycling Regulations rather than a biodegradable-waste-specific ban. From 6 April 2024, the Welsh Government confirms that waste separated for recycling can no longer be sent to landfill or incineration, with a specific and separate ban covering all wood waste going to landfill regardless of whether it has been separated for recycling.

What materials Wales covers

The Welsh rules require workplaces to separate materials including paper and card, glass, metal, plastic and cartons, food waste from premises producing more than 5kg a week, unsold small waste electrical and electronic equipment, and unsold textiles, all covered in more detail elsewhere on this site. It is this separated material, once collected, that the landfill and incineration ban applies to, alongside the standalone ban on any wood waste going to landfill, which applies regardless of the separation rules.

Why the two nations don’t match

Scotland’s ban is framed around a waste category, biodegradable municipal waste, with a single national enforcement timeline currently sitting at 2028; Wales’s ban is framed around workplace source-separation, applying since April 2024 to material a business has already separated, plus a blanket rule for wood. A business or household comparing what is banned in one nation against the other should expect a different structure, not just a different date, because the two approaches are built differently rather than being the same rule with different start dates.

What this means for a waste removal booking

Because the two nations’ rules work so differently, a household or business booking waste removal in Scotland should expect questions about whether biodegradable waste is being handled appropriately given the current enforcement position, while a business in Wales booking a commercial waste contract needs to confirm its provider is separating and routing recyclable material and wood waste in line with the April 2024 rules specifically, rather than assuming either nation’s approach mirrors general UK-wide practice.

Why neither matches England

England has its own separate framework for workplace recycling, covered elsewhere on this site, built around different rules and a different timeline again. A waste removal business or a household operating across more than one UK nation, for example a business with sites in both England and Wales, needs to treat each nation’s landfill and recycling separation rules as a distinct compliance question, rather than assuming a single UK-wide standard covers every job regardless of location.

FAQs

Is Scotland’s biodegradable waste landfill ban actually being enforced yet?

The legal ban date was 31 December 2025, but SEPA’s temporary regulatory position statement means it will not enforce the ban until 1 January 2028, where its conditions are met.

Does Wales ban all waste from landfill?

No. From 6 April 2024, Wales bans waste that has already been separated for recycling, plus all wood waste specifically, from landfill and incineration.

Do businesses still have obligations during Scotland’s enforcement delay?

Yes. SEPA requires notification and evidence of prioritising prevention, reuse, recycling and non-landfill treatment ahead of landfill to qualify for the delay.

Are Scotland’s and Wales’s landfill rules the same?

No. Scotland’s ban targets a waste category with a national timeline; Wales’s ban is tied to workplace source-separation rules plus a specific wood waste ban.

Bottom line

Scotland’s ban on landfilling biodegradable municipal waste has a legal date of 31 December 2025 but is not being enforced until 1 January 2028 under SEPA’s temporary regulatory position, while Wales has banned separately collected recyclable waste and all wood waste from landfill and incineration since 6 April 2024. The two nations use different structures, not just different dates, and neither maps directly onto rules in England. This is general information; SEPA or Natural Resources Wales can confirm current requirements for a specific business or waste stream.

Sources

This guide draws on the following primary sources, current as of 22 September 2026:

• Scottish Environment Protection Agency, “Biodegradable municipal waste landfill ban”
• Welsh Government, “Changes to workplace recycling: guidance for workplaces”

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Compare Waste Removal is an independent guide. We may earn a fee from some links; this never affects what we write.

GOV.UK guidance on battery waste says retailers and distributors must offer free collection of waste batteries if they sell or supply 32kg or more of portable batteries a year, roughly equivalent to one pack of four AA batteries sold every day, and that this applies to shops, chains, and online, mail order or telephone sellers alike.

The 32kg threshold

GOV.UK’s guidance sets the trigger for the retailer take-back duty at 32kg or more of portable batteries supplied to end users each year, and gives a practical illustration: roughly one pack of four AA batteries sold per day adds up to about 32kg annually. This duty applies whatever the sales channel, covering a physical shop, a chain of shops, and online, mail order or telephone sales equally, so it is based on the volume of batteries a business supplies rather than how it sells them.

What has to be accepted

GOV.UK describes the scope as any type of sealed battery that can be carried without difficulty by an average person, giving examples including AA, AAA and 9V batteries, and batteries from devices such as mobile phones, laptops, hearing aids, watches, cameras, torches, electric toothbrushes, razors and hand-held vacuum cleaners. A retailer meeting the 32kg threshold has to take these back regardless of whether it is the type of battery the retailer itself actually sells, not just the specific batteries it stocks.

What is excluded

Car, motorbike and industrial equipment batteries fall outside this specific take-back duty. These larger, heavier battery types are handled through separate routes rather than the in-store portable battery collection point this guidance describes, reflecting that they are a different category of waste in both scale and the hazards they present.

How the collection point works

A qualifying retailer needs a collection point at its place of business suitable for safely storing the different portable battery types it might receive, and has to publicise that the take-back option exists, through signage or information provided to customers such as on its website. This is a free service for the person returning the batteries, and does not depend on the customer having bought anything at that visit.

Why this sits outside kerbside recycling

Household batteries are not generally accepted in ordinary kerbside recycling collections, because loose batteries in general recycling or refuse streams present a fire risk, a point covered in more detail elsewhere on this site in connection with lithium-ion batteries specifically. Retailer take-back points exist precisely to give households a safe, dedicated route for batteries that kerbside collection is not designed to handle, rather than duplicating what the council collection already does.

Where the batteries actually go

Retailers meeting the take-back threshold do not process the batteries themselves; the collected batteries are passed on for treatment and recycling as part of the wider producer responsibility system that funds this whole arrangement, covered in more general terms elsewhere on this site in relation to electricals recycling. The retailer’s role is specifically to provide the accessible, free collection point; what happens to the batteries after collection is a separate, specialist recycling process rather than something handled in-store.

What this means for a household clearance or move

A household clearing out old electronics, torches, remote controls and similar items during a move or a larger clear-out is likely to accumulate loose batteries along the way. Because these should not simply go in with general waste or ordinary kerbside recycling, setting them aside for drop-off at a qualifying retailer, rather than bagging them with everything else being cleared, avoids the fire risk this separation exists to prevent and keeps them out of a waste stream not designed to handle them safely.

Smaller retailers

A retailer supplying under 32kg of batteries a year is not legally required to run a take-back scheme, though nothing stops a smaller retailer offering one voluntarily. Where a business does not meet the threshold, it is more likely to need to arrange its own collection and transport for any batteries it does choose to take back, rather than relying on the infrastructure that the mandatory scheme’s larger participants use.

FAQs

What’s the threshold that requires a retailer to take back old batteries?

GOV.UK gives 32kg or more of portable batteries supplied to end users per year, equivalent to roughly a pack of four AA batteries sold daily.

Does the retailer have to take back battery types it doesn’t sell?

Yes. The take-back point has to accept any type of sealed, hand-carriable battery, not only the types the retailer stocks.

Are car batteries covered by this scheme?

No. Car, motorbike and industrial equipment batteries are excluded and use separate disposal routes.

Can batteries go in ordinary kerbside recycling instead?

Generally no; loose batteries present a fire risk in general recycling and refuse streams, which is why a dedicated take-back point exists separately.

Bottom line

UK retailers and distributors supplying 32kg or more of portable batteries a year must offer a free, dedicated in-store take-back point, accepting any sealed portable battery type regardless of what they sell, as a safer alternative to putting batteries in kerbside recycling. Car, motorbike and industrial batteries are excluded from this specific duty. This is general information, not advice for a specific business; GOV.UK’s guidance sets out the full compliance requirements for retailers.

Sources

This guide draws on the following primary sources, current as of 22 September 2026:

• GOV.UK, “Battery waste: retailer and distributor responsibilities”

Related guides

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GOV.UK guidance on recovering F gas says a technician with qualifications to work with F gas must recover it from equipment, including when the equipment reaches the end of its life, and that recovered F gas, or the whole unit, must then go to a registered waste carrier and a licensed facility that accepts waste F gas and ozone-depleting substances.

What counts as F-gas equipment

GOV.UK’s guidance on recovering F gas when disposing of equipment covers stationary refrigeration and air conditioning systems, among other categories, meaning ordinary domestic and commercial fridges, freezers and fixed air conditioning units fall within scope. These appliances use fluorinated gases as refrigerant, and it is that refrigerant, not the appliance casing or components generally, that the F-gas rules are specifically concerned with when the equipment is scrapped.

Who can do the recovery

GOV.UK is direct on this point: a technician with qualifications to work with F gas must recover the gas from the equipment, including at end of life. This is not a task a general waste removal operative or an untrained household member can carry out; it requires someone specifically qualified to handle fluorinated refrigerant safely, reflecting that these gases are potent greenhouse gases when released into the atmosphere rather than disposed of correctly.

Where it has to go afterward

Once recovered, GOV.UK’s guidance says the waste F gas, or the whole unit if recovery has not already happened, must be sent using a registered waste carrier to a licensed facility that specifically accepts waste F gas and ozone-depleting substances. This is a distinct disposal route from general waste, and from most other electrical items, reflecting the specific handling the refrigerant itself needs, separate from any other WEEE recycling process the rest of the appliance goes through.

What happens to the recovered gas

Recovered refrigerant is not simply destroyed; it can be reused in the original system, or in some circumstances in another system, and recycling can even be carried out in portable equipment at the end user’s own site rather than only at a specialist facility. Alternatively, the refrigerant can be sent for reclamation at a specialist facility, which reprocesses it to a standard equivalent to newly manufactured refrigerant, after which it can be reused in any system rather than being restricted to its original type of equipment.

Record keeping

GOV.UK requires that measures taken to recover and dispose of the gas are recorded when equipment is disposed of, for example through a registered waste carrier, including whether the gas was recycled or reclaimed and which facility carried this out. This paper trail matters because it is the evidence that the correct process was followed, in the same way other controlled or hazardous waste streams require documentation covered elsewhere on this site.

Why this matters for a household clearance

During a house clearance or a general rubbish removal job, a fridge, freezer or air conditioning unit cannot simply be treated the same as bulky furniture or general waste, because of this refrigerant recovery requirement sitting underneath the ordinary WEEE process. A waste removal company collecting this type of appliance needs the arrangements in place, directly or through a specialist partner, to have the refrigerant properly recovered by a qualified technician before the unit is broken down or scrapped, not simply crushed or shredded along with other bulky waste.

Checking a collector is set up for this

Because the recovery step needs a qualified technician and a registered waste carrier taking the unit or the recovered gas onward to a licensed facility, asking a prospective waste removal company directly how it handles fridges, freezers and air conditioning units is a reasonable question before booking a collection that includes this type of item. A collector unable to explain what happens to the refrigerant, rather than simply confirming the appliance will be taken away, may not have the arrangement in place that the guidance described here actually requires.

Separating this from the rest of the appliance

Once the refrigerant has been safely recovered, the remaining casing, metal and components of the appliance still go through the ordinary WEEE recycling process covered elsewhere on this site, which handles materials recovery for the rest of the unit. The F-gas recovery step is specifically about the refrigerant itself, not a replacement for the broader electrical waste recycling process the appliance goes through afterward.

FAQs

Can a general waste removal firm just take a fridge to be scrapped?

The refrigerant inside needs to be recovered by a technician qualified to work with F gas before the unit is broken down, so the collector needs an arrangement in place for this specific step.

Does this only apply to commercial air conditioning?

No. GOV.UK’s guidance covers stationary refrigeration and air conditioning generally, which includes domestic fridges, freezers and fixed air conditioning units.

What happens to the refrigerant once it’s recovered?

It can be reused in the original system, recycled on site in some cases, or sent for reclamation at a specialist facility so it can be reused in any system.

Is there a record-keeping requirement?

Yes. GOV.UK requires the measures taken to recover and dispose of the gas to be recorded, including whether it was recycled or reclaimed and by which facility.

Bottom line

A fridge, freezer or air conditioning unit needs its refrigerant recovered by a technician qualified to work with F gas before it is scrapped, with the recovered gas or the whole unit then going to a registered waste carrier and a licensed facility, and the process documented. This sits alongside, rather than replacing, the ordinary WEEE recycling process for the rest of the appliance. This is general information, not advice on a specific disposal; a waste removal company or specialist can confirm how a particular item will be handled.

Sources

This guide draws on the following primary sources, current as of 22 September 2026:

• GOV.UK, “Recover F gas when disposing of equipment and insulating foam”

Related guides

Compare Waste Removal is an independent guide. We may earn a fee from some links; this never affects what we write.

The Furniture and Furnishings (Fire) (Safety) Regulations 1988 apply across the United Kingdom, and since 30 October 2025 they no longer require display labels on new products, but the permanent label is still required and GOV.UK says second-hand supply of furniture still needs it.

Why the regulations matter when reusing furniture

Reuse comes ahead of disposal in the waste hierarchy, but furniture that goes to a second owner through a business is still within the 1988 Regulations. GOV.UK says these Regulations set flammability requirements for domestic upholstered furniture supplied anywhere in the United Kingdom and were made under the Consumer Protection Act 1987. The guidance is written for businesses, so it is the reference for shops, dealers and clearance firms that resell items.

What counts as furniture

Regulation 3 defines furniture as furniture of any description ordinarily intended for private use in a dwelling. It includes beds and divans with their bases and headboards, sofa-beds, cushions, mattresses and pillows, and excludes items such as bedding and floor coverings. A dwelling includes a caravan but not boats or other vessels or motor vehicles.

The second-hand rule

Regulation 14 applies to furniture that has previously been supplied to a person who acquired it other than for a business of dealing in furniture, whether in the United Kingdom or elsewhere. Such furniture must satisfy regulations 5, 6 and 8(1) and (2). Regulation 5 requires upholstery to pass the cigarette test, with exceptions including mattresses, bed-bases, pillows and cushions. Regulation 6 requires filling material to pass the relevant ignitability test. Regulation 8 requires visible and invisible parts of covers to pass match tests.

GOV.UK says second-hand supply of furniture still requires a permanent label and that suppliers of second-hand furniture should familiarise themselves with regulation 14 as amended.

The permanent label

Regulation 11 requires furniture to bear the permanent labelling specified in Schedule 7. GOV.UK describes it as a durable label attached to furniture that carries the relevant compliance information. The Government’s 2025 changes did not alter these obligations.

What changed on 30 October 2025

The Furniture and Furnishings (Fire) (Safety) (Amendment) Regulations 2025 came into force on 30 October 2025, following a deferral of six months after they were laid. GOV.UK says they removed the requirement for manufacturers to attach a display label, often called a swing label, to new products, extended the time for enforcement authorities to start proceedings for offences under the Consumer Protection Act 1987 from six to twelve months, and removed certain baby and young children’s products from scope.

The products removed include small children’s mattresses, play pens, children’s car seats, play mats, changing mats, prams and pushchairs, cots and cribs, cot bumpers, baby rockers and bouncers, baby nests, highchairs and lowchairs, booster seats and baby walkers. Those products must instead meet general product safety law: the General Product Safety Regulations 2005 in Great Britain and EU Regulation 2023/988 in Northern Ireland.

Why baby products left the scheme

GOV.UK says the amendments followed a public consultation held between August and October 2023 and were announced in January 2025. The stated reason for removing baby and young children’s products is to reduce exposure to chemical flame retardants at a significant stage of development, where the fire risk is lower than the chemical exposure risk because such products are less exposed to accidental ignition by cigarettes or similar sources. Upholstered baby accessories that are not items of furniture also remain out of scope.

The guidance says one way to demonstrate compliance with general product safety law is to follow agreed standards, and it mentions BS EN 1021 Parts 1 and 2, BS 7177, BS EN 16890, EN 597 Parts 1 and 2 and BS EN 71 Part 2, as appropriate.

Old stock and labels

Because there was no transition period, GOV.UK says businesses can keep selling products that carry compliance labels, including display labels or 1988 Regulations labels on products now out of scope, indefinitely, as long as the labelling accurately represents compliance.

FAQs

Do the 2025 changes remove the permanent label?

No. GOV.UK says the changes do not affect obligations relating to the permanent label under regulation 11 and Schedule 7.

Can shops keep selling stock with display labels?

GOV.UK says businesses can continue selling products carrying display labels, or 1988 labels on products now out of scope, as long as the labelling accurately represents compliance.

Are cots and prams still covered by the fire regulations?

No. They were removed from scope from 30 October 2025 and must meet general product safety law instead.

Do the rules apply in Northern Ireland?

GOV.UK describes the Furniture and Furnishings Regulations as applying across the United Kingdom, while general product safety follows EU rules in Northern Ireland for the products taken out of scope.

Bottom line

Before furniture is resold or donated through a business, the fire safety label deserves a check, because the 1988 Regulations still expect a permanent label on second-hand upholstered items across the UK. The display label went in October 2025, and several baby and children’s products left the scheme. This is general information, not legal advice; Trading Standards can advise on a particular item or stock.

Sources

This guide draws on the following primary sources, current as of 21 September 2026:

• Office for Product Safety and Standards via GOV.UK, “Furniture and Furnishings (Fire) (Safety) (Amendment) Regulations 2025: UK”
• legislation.gov.uk, “The Furniture and Furnishings (Fire) (Safety) Regulations 1988, regulation 14: Second-hand furniture”
• legislation.gov.uk, “The Furniture and Furnishings (Fire) (Safety) Regulations 1988, regulation 11: Permanent labels”
• legislation.gov.uk, “The Furniture and Furnishings (Fire) (Safety) Regulations 1988, regulation 5: Upholstery”
• legislation.gov.uk, “The Furniture and Furnishings (Fire) (Safety) Regulations 1988, regulation 6: Filling material”
• legislation.gov.uk, “The Furniture and Furnishings (Fire) (Safety) Regulations 1988, regulation 8: Permanent covers”

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Sections 46 and 47 of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 let a waste collection authority serve a notice specifying the receptacles a household or business must use, and both provisions give the recipient 21 days to appeal on grounds including unreasonableness.

Household bins: what a notice can require

Under section 46, where a waste collection authority must arrange collection of household waste from a property, it may serve a notice on the occupier requiring the waste to be placed in receptacles of a kind and number specified. The requirements must be reasonable. In Wales an authority may require separate receptacles or compartments for recycling and non-recycling waste, and an English authority may require separate receptacles or compartments to comply with its duties under sections 45A and 45AZA. Where a waste reduction scheme under Schedule 2AA to the Act is operating in England or Wales, the authority may also require receptacles identified by specified means.

The notice may deal with the size, construction and maintenance of receptacles, where they are placed to allow emptying and access, the substances that may or may not go in, the steps occupiers must take to help collection, and when receptacles must be put out and removed. Placing receptacles on a highway needs highway authority consent and arrangements about liability for damage.

Who provides the bins

Section 46(3) gives the authority four options: provide receptacles free of charge; propose to provide them for a payment agreed with the occupier; require the occupier to provide them if no agreement is reached within a specified period; or require the occupier to provide them. The Controlled Waste Regulations 2012 add that a council can charge to collect waste that a section 46 notice prevents from being placed in the receptacle.

Penalties depend on the nation

Section 46(6) makes it an offence, punishable by a fine not exceeding level 3, to fail without reasonable excuse to comply with a household requirement, but the wording applies to requirements imposed by a waste collection authority in Scotland or Wales. Under section 46(11), a waste collection authority is not obliged to collect household waste placed out in contravention of a requirement. The section is marked as applying in England, Wales and Scotland, so the practical consequence of a breach depends on the nation.

Appealing a household notice

An occupier can appeal to a magistrates’ court, or in Scotland to the sheriff, against a requirement on the grounds that it is unreasonable or that the receptacles already used for household waste are adequate. The period is 21 days from service of the notice, or from the end of any period given for the occupier to provide receptacles. While the appeal is pending the requirement has no effect, and the court can quash or modify it or dismiss the appeal.

Business bins under section 47

Section 47 covers commercial and industrial waste. An authority may, at a business’s request, supply receptacles for waste it has agreed to collect and must charge a reasonable amount unless, for commercial waste, it considers it appropriate not to charge.

Where commercial or industrial waste is likely to cause a nuisance or harm local amenities unless stored in receptacles of a particular kind, the authority may serve a notice requiring the occupier to provide receptacles of a specified kind and number, limited to what is reasonable. The notice can cover the same matters as a household notice, and an English authority may require separate receptacles or compartments to comply with section 45AZB. In Wales, a business notice does not apply so far as it duplicates or conflicts with a requirement under section 45AA(4). Non-compliance without reasonable excuse is an offence with a fine not exceeding level 3, and the occupier has 21 days to appeal on the ground that the requirement is unreasonable or that the waste is not likely to cause a nuisance or harm amenity. The requirement is suspended while the appeal is pending.

FAQs

Can a council refuse to empty a bin that breaks the notice?

Section 46(11) says a waste collection authority is not obliged to collect household waste placed out in contravention of a requirement.

Is failing to comply with a household bin notice always an offence?

Section 46(6) applies its fine to requirements imposed by authorities in Scotland or Wales, so the position in England is different.

Can bins be placed on the pavement?

Section 46(5) and section 47(5) say no requirement can be made for receptacles to be placed on a highway unless the highway authority consents and liability for damage has been arranged.

How long is there to appeal a bin notice?

Twenty-one days, as set out in section 46(8) for households and section 47(8) for businesses.

Bottom line

A bin notice must be reasonable, and the recipient can appeal within 21 days, with the notice suspended until the court decides. Households in Scotland and Wales can be fined for breaching one, whereas English councils are not obliged to collect non-compliant waste. Businesses face the same level 3 fine under section 47. This is general information, not legal advice; the council can explain the notice it has served.

Sources

This guide draws on the following primary sources, current as of 21 September 2026:

• legislation.gov.uk, “Environmental Protection Act 1990, section 46: Receptacles for household waste”
• legislation.gov.uk, “Environmental Protection Act 1990, section 47: Receptacles for commercial or industrial waste”
• legislation.gov.uk, “The Controlled Waste (England and Wales) Regulations 2012, Schedule 1”

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In England and Wales, the Controlled Waste (England and Wales) Regulations 2012 decide whether waste counts as household, commercial or industrial according to where it is produced and what it is, and that classification affects what councils can charge for collecting and disposing of it.

The three classes in the Act

The Environmental Protection Act 1990 and the Controlled Waste (England and Wales) Regulations 2012 sort waste into three legal classes, which shapes the Duty of Care, the route for disposal and the charges a council may make. The Regulations extend to England and Wales; Scotland and Northern Ireland have their own rules. Section 75 of the 1990 Act defines household waste as waste from domestic property, meaning a building or self-contained part of a building used wholly for living accommodation, from a caravan on a caravan site, from a residential home, from premises forming part of a university, school or other educational establishment, and from premises forming part of a hospital or nursing home.

Industrial waste is waste from factories, transport service premises, utility and telecommunications premises, mines, quarries and agricultural premises. Commercial waste is waste from premises used wholly or mainly for a trade or business, or for sport, recreation or entertainment, excluding household and industrial waste. Regulations can deem waste to be one type or another, which is what the 2012 Regulations do.

Classification by place

Schedule 1 of the 2012 Regulations lists places. Waste from private storage premises used for domestic articles, land connected with domestic property, places of worship, penal institutions, charity shops selling donated goods and premises used wholly or mainly for public meetings is household waste. A private garage produces household waste unless its floor area exceeds 25 square metres or it is not mainly used for a private motor vehicle.

Commercial waste comes from a hotel, a market or fair, a club or society, a camp site, a court or government department, a charity-occupied premises used mainly for charitable purposes, and any part of a composite hereditament used for trade or business. Domestic property used in the course of a business for self-catering accommodation also produces commercial waste, as does a caravan used that way. Waste from laboratories, animal-breeding premises and imported waste is industrial.

Classification by type of waste

Some waste is classified by its nature. Schedule 1 treats waste oil, waste solvent and scrap metal as industrial waste, except that when produced at a residential home, domestic property, a small private garage or a vehicle used wholly as living accommodation it is household waste. Construction and demolition waste is industrial, although it is treated as household waste for the limited purpose of the householder’s Duty of Care under section 34(2) and (2A). Clinical and offensive waste is industrial except that it is household waste when produced at a home or similar place.

Working from home

GOV.UK’s business waste guidance says any waste from a commercial activity is business waste, and that if part of a home is used to run a business, waste from that part is business waste. Business waste carries the responsibilities GOV.UK lists: keeping waste to a minimum, storing it securely, completing a waste transfer note for each load leaving the premises and checking the carrier is registered.

Household waste a council can charge to collect

Paragraph 4 of Schedule 1 lists household waste for which a collection charge may be made. It includes any article over 25kg, anything that will not fit a council-provided household receptacle (or, where none is provided, a cylindrical container 750mm in diameter and 1m long), garden waste, dead domestic pets, waste oil or grease, asbestos and waste that a notice under section 46 prevents being put in the receptacle.

The same table says disposal charges generally cannot be made for household waste, with exceptions such as waste from charity shops that originated from non-domestic property, residential homes, hospitals and nursing homes, and penal institutions.

FAQs

Is waste from a holiday let household waste?

No. Schedule 1 treats domestic property used in the course of a business for self-catering accommodation as producing commercial waste.

Is waste from a home office household waste?

GOV.UK says that where part of a home is used to run a business, waste from that part is business waste.

Is waste from a small garage household waste?

Schedule 1 treats a private garage as producing household waste, unless its floor area exceeds 25 square metres or it is not mainly used for a private motor vehicle.

Is a charity shop’s waste commercial waste?

Schedule 1 lists a charity shop selling donated goods from domestic property as household waste, but premises occupied by a charity and used mainly for charitable purposes as commercial waste.

Does this apply in Scotland?

No. The Regulations extend to England and Wales only.

Bottom line

In England and Wales, the law classifies waste by place and by type, so a holiday let, a hotel or a home-based business part of a house produces commercial waste, while a domestic garage under 25 square metres produces household waste. The class determines the duties that apply and what a council may charge. This is general information, not legal advice; the local council or the Environment Agency can confirm how a particular waste is classified.

Sources

This guide draws on the following primary sources, current as of 21 September 2026:

• legislation.gov.uk, “The Controlled Waste (England and Wales) Regulations 2012, Schedule 1: Household, industrial and commercial waste”
• legislation.gov.uk, “Environmental Protection Act 1990, section 75: Meaning of “waste” and household, industrial and commercial waste”
• GOV.UK, “Dispose of business or commercial waste”

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Under section 34 of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 as amended by the Waste (Scotland) Regulations 2012, anyone in Scotland who produces controlled waste, other than household waste, must take all reasonable steps to ensure the separate collection of dry recyclable waste, and food businesses have further duties on food waste.

The duty to separate dry recyclables

Regulation 2 of the Waste (Scotland) Regulations 2012, which extend to Scotland only, amended the Environmental Protection Act 1990 by inserting new duties into section 34. From 1 January 2014, section 34(2E) makes it the duty of any person who produces controlled waste, other than an occupier of domestic property in respect of household waste, to take all reasonable steps to ensure the separate collection of dry recyclable waste. “Separate collection” is defined so that dry recyclable waste is kept apart from other waste, each dry stream is kept apart from the others and food waste is kept separate from other waste.

Zero Waste Scotland’s guidance lists the materials as glass, metal, plastic, paper and card, and says the rules apply to organisations of any size, whether private, public or voluntary.

Food waste duties for food businesses

Section 34(2F) requires anyone who controls or manages a food business producing controlled waste to take all reasonable steps to ensure the separate collection of its food waste. Section 34(2G) sets out exceptions: food waste produced on premises in a rural area; food waste from a business producing less than 5 kilograms a week from 1 January 2016 (the threshold was 50 kilograms a week in 2014 and 2015, when hospitals were also excepted); and catering waste from means of transport operating internationally.

A “food business” is defined as an undertaking, for profit or not, public or private, carrying out any activity related to the processing, distribution, preparation or sale of food. Zero Waste Scotland says this excludes businesses that only prepare and sell drinks, and that a staff canteen where food is prepared, sold and consumed counts as a food business. Whether an area is rural is defined by postcode units in a Scottish Government classification, and Zero Waste Scotland points to its postcode lookup.

Mixing and departures from the duties

Section 34(2H) allows food waste to be mixed with other biodegradable waste to the extent that the mixed waste is presented in a way that ensures the amount of food waste collected is not significantly less than if the wastes were not mixed. Section 34(2J) allows a departure from the dry recyclables duty where the material recycled is not significantly less, and its quality not significantly lower, than if the duty were followed, and the waste is not mixed with waste that cannot be recycled.

Transporters and quality

Section 34(2I) makes it the duty of anyone who transports controlled waste to collect and transport separately any waste presented under those duties. Section 34(2L) adds a duty on anyone who produces or manages controlled waste, or a broker or dealer with control of it, to take all reasonable steps to ensure that it meets quality standards, is managed in a way that promotes high quality recycling and is not the subject of a contravention by another person.

Food waste and drains

From 1 January 2016, section 34(2K) makes it the duty of anyone who produces food waste, other than a household occupier or an occupier of rural property, to ensure it is not deposited in a public drain or sewer, or a drain that connects to one. Zero Waste Scotland says that means food waste disposers or macerators cannot be used to send food waste to a drain in a non-rural area where a separate collection is available. It adds that there is no legal requirement to remove macerators, but that keeping them risks a fine, and that systems which dewater food waste and store the solids for collection are acceptable if the loss of solids to sewers is minimal. It also says enzymatic digesters that recover no organic waste before it goes to sewer are banned.

Practical steps

Zero Waste Scotland’s five steps for compliance are to speak to the local authority or waste contractor, label bins and train staff, avoid contaminating recyclables or food waste, check whether a food business must present food waste, and try to reduce waste. It warns that putting everything into one bin is not compliant if recyclables are present, that contractors may refuse or charge extra for contaminated loads, and that clear bags are suggested for recyclables with black bags reserved for general waste.

FAQs

Does a small café have to separate food waste?

Only if it produces 5 kilograms or more a week and is not in a rural area. Section 34(2G) exempts businesses below that level and rural premises.

Does this apply in England or Wales?

No. The Regulations extend to Scotland only. England and Wales have separate workplace recycling rules.

Can businesses use a macerator for food waste?

Zero Waste Scotland says a macerator cannot be used to discharge food waste to a drain or sewer in a non-rural area where a separate food waste collection is available.

Bottom line

In Scotland, every business and organisation that produces controlled waste must take reasonable steps to separate dry recyclables, urban food businesses producing 5 kilograms or more of food waste a week must separate it as well, and food waste must not go down public drains in non-rural areas. Regulations extend to Scotland only. This is general information, not legal advice; the local authority, contractor or SEPA can advise on a specific premises.

Sources

This guide draws on the following primary sources, current as of 21 September 2026:

• legislation.gov.uk, “The Waste (Scotland) Regulations 2012” (as made)
• legislation.gov.uk, “Environmental Protection Act 1990, section 34: Duty of care etc. as respects waste”
• Zero Waste Scotland, “Waste (Scotland) Regulations”

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In Scotland, a business that transports waste produced by someone else, including skip hire and house clearance firms, must hold a SEPA “Transporting waste” registration, and a business that only carries its own waste needs a separate, fee-free “Transporting your own waste” registration.

Who must register in Scotland

NetRegs, the environmental guidance service for Scotland and Northern Ireland, says that from 1 April 2026 businesses that transport waste produced by someone else must have a “Transporting waste” registration from the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA). It names waste management contractors, house clearance companies and skip hire companies as examples. SEPA describes the activity as covering, for example, commercial waste collections, skip uplift, house clearances, collecting waste textiles and waste soil haulage.

SEPA says a business that transports or arranges the transport of waste must register even if this is only occasional, and that failing to register may result in a fine of up to £5,000. The registration is granted under the Environmental Authorisations (Scotland) Regulations, known as EASR.

Carrying your own waste

A separate “Transporting your own waste” registration applies to businesses that transport only their own waste. SEPA gives gardeners, building trades such as plumbers, joiners and roofers, and food stalls as examples, and says the registration applies whatever type of waste is produced, including a trader’s own construction and demolition waste. NetRegs says the registration replaced the professional collector and transporter registration from 1 April 2026, that existing registrations continue until 31 March 2027 (by which time an EASR application must have been made), and that it carries no conditions and no fee, though it must be renewed every three years and Duty of Care responsibilities still apply. A business that holds a Transporting waste registration does not need this one as well.

Existing registration holders

NetRegs says existing waste carrier registration holders keep their expiry date. They are issued a new EASR registration number when they renew after 1 April 2026, but can continue to use the old waste carrier number as evidence of authorisation for 3 years.

Fees and renewal

SEPA’s Transporting waste page listed a new-registration fee of £304.10 and a three-yearly renewal fee of £198.55 on 21 September 2026. Its application page adds that adding another activity by variation costs 70% of the application charge (£212.87), that a transfer costs £198.55 and that a surrender costs 30% of the application charge (£91.23). Transferring a registration does not reset its three-year period.

Conditions and the fit and proper person test

SEPA says registration is only granted if the applicant can comply with the standard conditions for EASR-SC-035. All waste must be inspected before transport to check it matches the description on the accompanying waste transfer note, and the authorisation reference must be given to anyone from whom waste is collected and be included in any advertisement for waste transport services. Breaching the conditions is an offence.

Fit and proper person tests apply, so an applicant is asked whether they or any additional persons have relevant convictions or civil penalties. An applicant who applies online and has nothing to declare receives the registration by email, while other applications are assessed, with a statutory timescale of 28 days. Applicants must also confirm familiarity with the Duty of Care for waste. SEPA adds that an online application cannot be saved and finished later, so all documents need to be ready before starting, and that company details may be pulled from Companies House, which should be up to date.

Working across borders and checking a carrier

SEPA says a carrier moving waste between Scotland, England and Wales registers with the agency where its main business takes place, and the authorisation is valid in all three countries. Carriers moving waste to or from Northern Ireland must register with both SEPA and the Northern Ireland Environment Agency. Waste transporters and brokers based in England and Wales register with the Environment Agency or Natural Resources Wales instead.

SEPA publishes a register of waste transporters and brokers, so a customer can check that a carrier is registered before handing over waste.

FAQs

Does an occasional carrier need to register?

Yes. SEPA and NetRegs both say authorisation is needed even if carrying waste is not the main business or is only occasional.

Do the old Scottish waste carrier numbers still work?

NetRegs says existing holders can keep using the old number as evidence of authorisation for 3 years after they renew and receive an EASR number.

Is there a fee to register for carrying only your own waste?

No. SEPA and NetRegs say there is no fee, but the registration must be renewed every three years.

Does this apply in England or Wales?

No. This guide covers Scotland. Carriers based in England or Wales register with the Environment Agency or Natural Resources Wales.

Bottom line

In Scotland, carrying other people’s waste needs a SEPA Transporting waste registration, with a listed fee and conditions that include quoting the reference in adverts, while carrying only one’s own waste needs a free registration that must be in place by 31 March 2027 for existing holders. Households hiring a carrier can check SEPA’s public register. This is general information, not legal advice; SEPA can confirm the current position and fees.

Sources

This guide draws on the following primary sources, current as of 21 September 2026:

• NetRegs, “Transporting waste – who needs to register”
• SEPA, “Transporting waste EASR-SC-035”
• SEPA, “Transporting your own waste EASR-SC-034”
• SEPA, “Transporting waste or acting as a broker or dealer of waste”

Related guides

Compare Waste Removal is an independent guide. We may earn a fee from some links; this never affects what we write.